Valorisation of Algerian agro-wastes as renewable biofuels: Impact of using microwave-assisted method on lipid extraction
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fossil fuels are the largest contributor to climate change, representing about 90% of carbon dioxide emissions. Given the environmental impact and the high prices around the world, finding an alternative solution has become necessary at the present time. Biodiesel, as a renewable energy, is considered one of the possible solutions to reduce these emissions since the CO2 emitted during combustion will be recycled again by nature for feedstock production. This process is known as a closed carbon cycle. The cost of producing biodiesel depends on the nature of the raw material and the production method which involves both oil extraction and its transformation to biodiesel. Our contribution lies in feedstocks choice and extraction method, namely, we provide a comparison between conventional extraction methods including maceration, Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction as an innovative method. The latter technique has been developed for the extraction of lipids from different agro-wastes available in Algeria. Our results show that MAE of lipid has proven its effectiveness in terms of rapid and powerful heating, particularly regarding extraction time, which was 1/6 and 2/3 of SE and ME extraction time respectively. The use of different extraction method has no obvious impact on the presence of functional groups, between dates' palm seeds and olive pomace lipids. However, it can be more significant when using ME.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
References
Abollé, A., Loukou, K., Henri, P. (2009). The density and cloud point of diesel oil mixtures with the straight vegetable oils (svo): Palm, cabbage palm, cotton, groundnut, copra and sunflower. Biomass and Bioenergy 33(12), 1653–1659
Aigba, P., Anyadiegwu, F., Ogoke, J. (2021). Characterization of jatropha oil and its biodiesel. Advance Environmental Studies 5(1), 376–381
Akbi, A., Saber, M., Aziza, M., Yassaa, N. (2017). An overview of sustainable bioenergy potential in Algeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 72, 240–245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.072
Ali, M.A., Al-Hattab, T.A., Al-Hydary, I.A. (2015). Extraction of date palm seed oil (phoenix dactylifera) by soxhlet apparatus. International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology 8(3), 261
Allami, H.A., Tabasizadeh, M., Rohani, A., Nayebzadeh, H., Farzad, A., Hoseinpour, M. (2023). Modeling and optimization of performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine: A comparative evaluation between date seed oil biodiesel produced via three different heating systems. Energy Conversion and Management 283, 116909
Al-Mardeai, S., Aldhaheri, M., Al Hashmi, A., Qassem, M., Al-Zuhair, S. (2023). Complete utilization of date seeds for biofuel production. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 17, 100698
ASTM (Feb 2024). Standard Specification For Diesel Fuel. Standard, ASTM International
Ayas, N., Cetin, T.E., Ongoren, S., Dincer, Z. (2019). Biodiesel production from olive pomace. Int. J. Smart Grid Clean Energy 8(3), 594–603
Azadmard-Damirchi, S., Habibi-Nodeh, F., Hesari, J., Nemati, M., Achachlouei, B.F. (2010). Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content of oil from rapeseed. Food Chemistry 121(4), 1211–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.006
Azeem, M.W., Hanif, M.A., Al-Sabahi, J.N., Khan, A.A., Naz, S., Ijaz, A. (2016). Production of biodiesel from low priced, renewable and abundant date seed oil. Renewable Energy 86, 124–132
Bakhouche, F., Madani, L., Houhou, O. (2023). Algerian potential of biodiesel production from vegetable oils: Jatropha curcas and olive pomace feedstocks. In: 2023 2nd International Conference on Electronics, Energy and Measurement (IC2EM). 1, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2EM59347.2023.10419807
Ben-Youssef, S., Fakhfakh, J., Breil, C., Abert-Vian, M., Chemat, F., Allouche, N. (2017). Green extraction procedures of lipids from tunisian date palm seeds. Industrial Crops and Products 108, 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.07.010
Bessah, R., Danane, F., Alloune, R., Abada, S. (2023). Biodiesel production feedstocks: current state in Algeria. Journal of Renewable Energies 26(2), 161–177
Boukouada, M. (2009). Phytochemical study of date seeds lipids of three fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L) produced in Ouargla region. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ouargla
Boulal, A., Benmehdi, E., Mebarki, R., Hadri, K., Aroussi, A. (2022). Conversion of fruit kernels of Algerian date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) into biodiesel. Journal of Renewable Energies pp. 59–64
Boulal, A., Nouioua, A., Benmehdi, E., Mebarki, R. (2022). Valorization of date kernels for the production of biodiesel. Current Trends in Natural Sciences 11(21), 16–29
Chemat, S., Aït-Amar, H., Lagha, A., Esveld, D. (2005). Microwave-assisted extraction kinetics of terpenes from caraway seeds. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 44(12), 1320–1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2005.03.011
Dehdivan, N.S., Panahi, B. (2017). Physicochemical properties of seeds and seeds oil extracted from iranian date palm cultivars. In : Biol Forum Int J. , 9, pp. 139–144
EN (May 2022). Automotive fuels. Diesel. Requirements and test methods. Standard, European Committee for Standardization
Ferarsa, S., Moulai-Mostefa, N. (2019). Conversion des déchets et sous-produits organiques de l’industrie agroalimentaire en produits énergétiques. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Médéa
Ferrara, D., Beccaria, M., Cordero, C.E., Purcaro, G. (2023). Microwave-assisted extraction in closed vessel in food analysis. Journal of Separation Science 46(20), 2300390
Food and Agriculture Organization: Faostat. https://www.fao.org/faostat/
GISTEMP: Giss surface temperature analysis (gistemp), version 4. nasa goddard institute for space studies. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/
Giwa, S.O., Haggai, M.B., Giwa, A. (2021). Production of biodiesel from desert date seed oil using heterogeneous catalysts. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 53, 180–189
Hidouri, N., Mouftahi, M. (2022). Response surface methodology (rsm) for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: Study of fatty acid methyl ester (fame) yield. Journal of Renewable Energies 25(1), 55–70
International Energy Agency: Country analysis brief: Algeria. https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Algeria/algeria.pdf
Knothe, G. (2006). Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 83(10), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-5033-y
Koubaa, M., Lepreux, L., Barba, F.J., Mhemdi, H., Vorobiev, E. (2017). Gas assisted mechanical expression (game) for the selective recovery of lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds from olive kernel. Journal of Cleaner Production 166, 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.253
Lama-Munoz, A., Alvarez-Mateos, P., Rodriguez-Gutiérrez, G., Duran-Barrantes, M.M., Fernandez-Bolanos, J. (2014). Biodiesel production from olive–pomace oil of steam-treated alperujo. biomass and bioenergy 67, 443–450
Lenssen, N.J.L., Schmidt, G.A., Hansen, J.E., Menne, M.J., Persin, A., Ruedy, R., Zyss, D. (2019). Improvements in the gistemp uncertainty model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124(12), 6307–6326. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029522
Leone, A., Tamborrino, A., Romaniello, R., Zagaria, R., Sabella, E. (2014). Specification and implementation of a continuous microwave-assisted system for paste malaxation in an olive oil extraction plant. Biosystems Engineering 125, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.06.017
Mehdaoui, I., Majbar, Z., Hassani, E.M.S., Mahmoud, R., Atemni, I., Ben Abbou, M., Taleb, M., Rais, Z. (2023). Energy valorization of olive mill waste cake–extraction of vegetable oil and transesterification. Journal of Ecological Engineering 24(5)
Mekonnen, K.D., Sendekie, Z.B. (2021). Naoh-catalyzed methanolysis optimization of biodiesel synthesis from desert date seed kernel oil. ACS omega 6(37), 24082–24091
Nakpong, P., Wootthikanokkhan, S. (2010). High free fatty acid coconut oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in thailand. Renewable Energy 35(8), 1682–1687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.12.004
Ozçelik, A.E., Acaroglu, M., Kose, H. (2020). Determination of combustion characteristics of olive pomace biodiesel–eurodiesel fuel mixtures. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 42(12), 1476–1489
Rajaeifar, M.A., Akram, A., Ghobadian, B., Rafiee, S., Heijungs, R., Tabatabaei, M. (2016). Environmental impact assessment of olive pomace oil biodiesel production and consumption: A comparative lifecycle assessment. Energy 106, 87–102
Regier, M. (2014). Food technologies: Microwave heating. In: Motarjemi, Y. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Food Safety, pp. 202–207. Academic Press, Waltham. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00410-8
Touati, L. (2013). Valorisation des grignons d’olive étude de cas: essai de valorisation en biocarburant. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Boumerdès-M’hamed Bougara
World Meteorological Organization: Algeria crude oil: Production. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/algeria/crude-oil-production
Yanik, D.K. (2017). Alternative to traditional olive pomace oil extraction systems: Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of oil from wet olive pomace. LWT 77, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.020